ORIGINAL COMMENT · UNEDITED TEXT
I am submitting this comment with my perspectives in response to the FCC ET Docket No. 13-84 regulatory proceeding titled "Reassessment of Federal Communications Commission Radiofrequency (RF) Exposure Limits and Policies." I am responding from several perspectives: as a software engineer with extensive experience working with technology and electronic systems; as a person who has experienced significant symptoms that I associate with exposure to electromagnetic fields and wireless radiation; and as a professional who has spent the past several years measuring and documenting electromagnetic field exposures in my home and other environments. In January of 2022 I eliminated wireless technologies completely from my personal environment and whenever feasible reduced or distanced myself from electric and magnetic emissions. These changes improved my health and allowed me to reengage with the world. Unfortunately, avoidance of wireless technologies required changes that permanently affected my career, family, and personal life. It is impossible to avoid being exposed to all wireless and electromagnetic emissions. Radio frequency exposures from sources which are not my own continue to aggravate my symptoms and limit my life. I don’t want to feel these symptoms anymore when doing normal things like working in an office, walking into a store with an overpowered mesh / wifi system, going to a concert, restaurant, bar, or visiting family or friends. Over the last few years, I learned more about detection, identification, measurement, and mitigation to electromagnetic emissions. My sister became a Building Biology Institute-certified Electromagnetic Radiation Specialist (EMRS). Together we develop practical methods for detecting, measuring, documenting, and reducing electromagnetic exposures. Using these strategies we have significantly improved my functionality and not only am I back at the computer, but I have developed a web application that shows electromagnetic emissions and measurement statistics spatially. I have become particularly concerned that consumers are uninformed about the specifications of a product’s wireless features and have limited or no control over those features. Technology will continue to develop faster than long-term health research and regulatory processes can reasonably keep pace with it. Additionally, the way RF exposure is evaluated does not always reflect the conditions people experience in their daily lives. I therefore encourage FCC to consider these particularly practical areas for regulatory and technology standards: Wireless devices should provide a genuine, user-accessible means of turning off wireless emissions, rather than merely hiding wireless functionality or placing a device into a mode in which emissions continue. Cellular phones should support calls and text messaging when the phone is connected through a wired Ethernet connection to a router, so that consumers who choose a wired network connection can use their phones for these functions without requiring an active wireless connection. Products should be required to display prominently on the packaging standardized consumer-facing RF exposure information, similar in concept to other standardized product information that allows consumers to compare products and make informed choices. the type, number, frequencies and transmission characteristics of a device; how to reduce unnecessary close-proximity exposure; how to use wired alternatives where available; how to disable wireless functions completely; whether a device continues transmitting while in standby or charging; whether simultaneous transmitters were evaluated; whether children or other populations were specifically evaluated; and what exposure conditions were and were not included in testing. I am particularly concerned about exposure involving children, infants, pregnancy, and other populations that may differ from those of a typical adult. Children may spend many hours in schools and childcare facilities surrounded by multiple wireless transmitters, sometimes at very close distances. Wireless devices are also increasingly incorporated into products used by infants and children. Federal research and exposure assessment should therefore specifically address age-specific and developmental exposure scenarios rather than assuming that adult testing adequately represents all populations. I also believe that federal research priorities should include long-term, independent investigation of cumulative and chronic exposure, children and pregnancy, reproductive and developmental outcomes, neurological and sleep-related effects, cardiovascular and other biological effects, environmental and ecological effects, and exposure associated with evolving technologies such as 5G, future wireless systems, IoT devices, wearables, smart homes, wireless medical devices, and increasingly dense wireless infrastructure. Research should be sufficiently broad to investigate questions that may have important public-health or regulatory implications, including questions that could ultimately lead to changes in technology standards or industry practices. I believe that the federal government should consider existing scientific studies and partner with existing professionals and organizations to research the effects of EMF/RF in order to take pragmatic steps to inform and protect our environment and biological systems. Please consider other available resources of EMF/RF scientific studies. One example is the EMF-Portal , which is an internet information platform of the RWTH Aachen University, that summarizes systematic scientific research data on the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF). The core of the EMF-Portal is an extensive literature database with an inventory of 51,076 publications and 7,012 summaries of individual scientific studies on the effects of electromagnetic fields. Another example is the Curry et al. / Systematic Map (2024) scientific study, which identified 334 relevant studies: 237 on fauna and 97 on flora. I support a comprehensive reassessment of the FCC's radiofrequency exposure limits and exposure-assessment policies based on the full body of scientific evidence, including human experimental studies, epidemiological research, animal toxicology, developmental and reproductive research, mechanistic studies, exposure and dosimetry research, and environmental studies. I recognize that the literature is not uniform. Individual studies differ substantially in design, exposure characterization, duration, endpoints, statistical power, and methodological quality. I therefore do not suggest that every study reporting an effect should be treated as proof of harm. Rather, the appropriate regulatory question is whether the current exposure limits and testing procedures adequately account for the totality of the evidence and the exposure conditions experienced by people using modern wireless technologies. Several findings in the literature are particularly relevant to that question. The National Toxicology Program conducted extensive, government-sponsored toxicology and carcinogenicity studies using whole-body exposure to 900 MHz GSM- and CDMA-modulated radiofrequency radiation. The NTP reported clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in male rats based on malignant heart schwannomas and reported additional findings involving brain gliomas and adrenal tumors. The NTP studies are important because they were specifically designed to evaluate long-term exposure using controlled experimental conditions rather than relying solely on observational human data. National Toxicology Program — TR-595, 900 MHz GSM/CDMA exposure study These findings do not establish that comparable tumors occur in humans at comparable exposure levels. They do, however, provide evidence that warrants consideration in a reassessment of whether current exposure standards adequately address long-term biological effects. Human experimental evidence also warrants consideration. In a randomized crossover study of 47 healthy adults, Volkow et al. found that 50 minutes of cellular-phone RF exposure was associated with increased glucose metabolism in brain regions closest to the phone antenna. This study is therefore evidence of an acute physiological response, rather than evidence that cell-phone exposure causes disease. Volkow et al., JAMA — Effects of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Signal Exposure on Brain Glucose Metabolism The FCC should also consider whether its exposure-assessment methods adequately represent children. Morris et al. specifically examined RF absorption in children and reported that children can absorb higher doses of RF energy from mobile phones than adults under comparable conditions. Morris et al., Children Absorb Higher Doses of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation From Mobile Phones Than Adults Morgan et al. similarly reviewed anatomical and dosimetric considerations relevant to children's exposure. Morgan et al., Why children absorb more microwave radiation than adults: The consequences These studies are particularly relevant to the FCC's remand questions concerning children because a standard based on a reference adult or a generalized SAR measurement may not necessarily characterize exposure for all body sizes, ages, anatomical structures, or use conditions. Reproductive evidence also warrants further evaluation. Adams et al. conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of ten studies involving 1,492 samples and reported an association between mobile-phone exposure and reduced sperm motility, although effects on sperm concentration were more equivocal. The authors concluded that further research was necessary to determine the clinical significance. Adams et al., Effect of mobile telephones on sperm quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis Avendaño et al. reported that four hours of ex-vivo exposure of human sperm samples to a Wi-Fi-connected laptop was associated with decreased progressive motility and increased sperm DNA fragmentation. Importantly, this was an in-vitro study and the authors explicitly stated that further in-vivo research was needed. Avendaño et al., Wi-Fi-connected laptop exposure and human sperm These studies demonstrate why reproductive endpoints deserve specific evaluation rather than assuming that the absence of established clinical disease automatically establishes safety. Developmental and prenatal studies in the submitted literature similarly report biological or developmental effects under a variety of experimental exposure conditions. Examples include studies of prenatal Wi-Fi exposure, prenatal 900 MHz exposure, oxidative stress, neuronal development, behavior, fetal growth, and reproductive development. These studies vary considerably in quality and exposure methodology and should therefore be evaluated individually rather than treated as equivalent evidence. The FCC should also distinguish between exposure metrics. SAR alone may not fully characterize exposure when considering frequency, modulation, pulsing, duty cycle, distance, localized exposure, simultaneous signals, duration, and changing network conditions. This is particularly important because the modern RF environment differs substantially from the environment that existed when many of the underlying exposure assumptions were developed. For these reasons, I recommend that the FCC's reassessment explicitly evaluate: whether existing SAR and device-testing procedures adequately represent real-world use; whether testing adequately represents children and other body sizes; whether prolonged and repeated exposure should be evaluated separately from short-term exposure; whether simultaneous exposure to multiple RF sources should be incorporated into exposure assessment; whether modulation, pulsing, duty cycle, beamforming, and changing transmission patterns should be considered; whether measurements taken at fixed distances adequately represent close-body exposure; whether cumulative exposure should be characterized over realistic daily and lifetime use; whether environmental and ecological effects have been adequately studied; and whether existing standards adequately address biological effects that do not depend upon tissue heating. The scientific literature does not provide a simple answer that every RF exposure below an existing limit is harmful. Nor does it justify treating the existing limits as proof that all other biological effects have been excluded. The appropriate response to the remaining uncertainty is a transparent reassessment using modern exposure measurements, rigorous dosimetry, appropriately powered studies, replication, and realistic exposure conditions. The FCC should also make clear where evidence is established, where evidence is suggestive, and where evidence remains uncertain. Doing so would strengthen rather than weaken the scientific basis of the Commission's regulatory conclusions. Here is a reference list of scientific studies and papers that respond to the requested topics/questions: REF-0001. 45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. Shahin, S., et al. Toxicological Sciences 148(2):380-399. (2015). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Neurological/cognitive) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2015 **Exposure:** 45 GHz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=45+GHz+Microwave+Radiation+Impairs+Learning+and+Spatial+Memory+via+Oxidative%2FNitrosative+Stress+Induced+p53-Dependent%2FIndependent+Hippocampal+Apoptosis%3A+Molecular+Basis+and+Underlying+Mechanism REF-0002. 47 CFR § 1.1307 — Actions That May Have a Significant Environmental Effect, for Which Environmental Assessments Must Be Prepared. Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47, § 1.1307. **FCC Topic:** RF exposure evaluation / fixed transmitters / regulatory compliance and mitigation. **HHS Questions:** Q15, Q16; also relevant to Q12 and Q13. **Dated:** Current regulation; consult the linked version for the applicable text. **Exposure:** RF emissions from FCC-regulated facilities and equipment subject to environmental review and RF exposure evaluation requirements. **Finding:** Establishes regulatory procedures for identifying facilities and actions that require environmental assessment, including RF exposure evaluation in applicable circumstances. It provides a regulatory foundation for considering additional verification, escalation, and documented corrective action where compliance concerns arise. Limitation: Applicability depends on the specific rule provisions and circumstances. The regulation does not create a universal requirement for continuous RF field monitoring, automatic federal alerts, or public reporting of every operational anomaly. **Link:** https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/47/1.1307 REF-0003. A Prospective Cohort Study of Adolescents’ Memory Performance and Individual Brain Dose of Microwave Radiation from Wireless Communication. Foerster, M., et al. Environmental Health Perspectives 126(7). (2018). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure; Real-world ubiquity/use conditions (Neurological/cognitive) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2018 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=A+Prospective+Cohort+Study+of+Adolescents%E2%80%99+Memory+Performance+and+Individual+Brain+Dose+of+Microwave+Radiation+from+Wireless+Communication REF-0004. A Review of the Ecological Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF). Cucurachi, S., et al. Environment International 51:116–140. (2013). **FCC Topic:** Environmental effects of RF exposure. **HHS Questions:** Q17, Q18 **Dated:** 2013. **Exposure:** RF-EMF affecting plants, animals, and ecosystems. **Finding:** Reviews experimental evidence concerning ecological effects and identifies limitations in exposure standardization and the relative lack of field and ecosystem-level studies. **Link:** https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.10.009 REF-0005. A Review on Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) and the Reproductive System. Asghari, A., et al. Electronic Physician Journal 8(7):2655-2662. (2016). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2016 **Exposure:** EMF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=A+Review+on+Electromagnetic+Fields+%28EMFs%29+and+the+Reproductive+System REF-0006. About the Effects of Microwave Exposure from Cellular Phone Base Stations: A First Approach. Navarro, E. A., Segura, J., Gómez-Perretta, C., Portolés, M., Maestu, C., & Bardasano, J. L. (publication year and journal details should be checked against the linked paper). **FCC Topic:** RF exposure near base stations / reported symptoms / exposure measurement. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16. **Dated:** Verify publication year. **Exposure:** Reported RF power density in residences near cellular base stations; the supplied summary gives 100–1,100 µW/m². **Finding:** Examined statistical relationships between measured or estimated residential RF exposure and reported symptoms. Limitation: The paper describes an exploratory analysis; reported associations cannot establish causation and may be affected by sample size, exposure assessment, confounding, and symptom-reporting methods. **Link:** https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ceferino-Maestu/publication/253809193_About_the_effects_of_microwave_exposure_from_cellular_phone_base_stations_A_first_approach/links/02e7e5296f09519c5c000000/About-the-effects-of-microwave-exposure-from-cellular-phone-base-stations-A-first-approach.pdf REF-0007. Aloe Arborescens Juice Prevents EMF-Induced Oxidative Stress and Thus Protects from Pathophysiology in the Male Reproductive System In Vitro. Solek, P., et al. Environmental Research 166:141-149. (2018). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2018 **Exposure:** EMF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Aloe+Arborescens+Juice+Prevents+EMF-Induced+Oxidative+Stress+and+Thus+Protects+from+Pathophysiology+in+the+Male+Reproductive+System+In+Vitro REF-0008. Analysis of the Impact of Mobile Phones on Male Sperm Infertility. Kibona, L. (2013). Research paper. **FCC Topic:** RF exposure / male reproductive health / fertility. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 2013. **Exposure:** The paper describes analysis of exposure from mobile phones operating at 900 and 1,800 MHz near the male reproductive organs; the supplied summary reports 1,700–10,000 µW/m². **Finding:** Investigates whether mobile-phone RF exposure may affect male reproductive function and sperm-related outcomes. **Link:** https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=ca633c66f058c44b5f6e7031ffc678be41055ccd REF-0009. Assessment of EMF Human Exposure Levels Due to Wearable Antennas at 5G Frequency Band. Piro, G., et al. Sensors 23(1):390. (2023). **FCC Topic:** Wearable 5G devices / exposure assessment. **HHS Questions:** Q9, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2023. **Exposure:** Approximately 3.5 GHz and 26.5 GHz wearable antennas positioned on the trunk. **Finding:** Modeled exposure was concentrated primarily in superficial tissue immediately beneath the antenna, with exposure distributions changing with antenna position and distance from the body. **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Assessment+of+EMF+Human+Exposure+Levels+Due+to+Wearable+Antennas+at+5G+Frequency+Band REF-0010. Assessment of Human Exposure to EMF from 5G Base Stations: Analysis, Evaluation and Comparison of Different Assessment Methods. Expósito, N., et al. (2024). **FCC Topic:** 5G exposure assessment methodology. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2024. **Exposure:** RF fields from 5G base stations. **Finding:** Compared broadband field probes, spectrum analyzers, and drive-test scanners and demonstrated that measurement methodology and variations in signal levels are important when characterizing exposure from 5G infrastructure. **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Assessment+of+Human+Exposure+to+EMF+from+5G+Base+Stations REF-0011. Assessment of Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields from Wireless Communication Devices Operating Close to the Human Body. ITU-T K.160. International Telecommunication Union. (2025). **FCC Topic:** Exposure assessment from body-worn and close-proximity wireless devices. **HHS Questions:** Q9, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2025. **Exposure:** Wireless communication devices operating next to or against the human body. **Finding:** Addresses device category, usage position, frequency, power, operating mode, measurement distance, simultaneous transmission, and total exposure ratio; includes limb-worn devices, clothing-integrated devices, body-worn accessories, and devices used next to or against the body. **Link:** https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-K.160 REF-0012. Assessment of Radio Frequency Fields in the 2.45 GHz Band Produced by Smart Home Devices. McKenzie, R., et al. (2024). **FCC Topic:** Smart-home devices / real-world RF exposure. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2024. **Exposure:** 2.45 GHz RF fields from Wi-Fi- and Bluetooth-connected smart-home devices. **Finding:** Measured RF fields under simulated high-activity conditions and examined transmission duty cycles, demonstrating the importance of measuring actual device transmission patterns rather than assuming that connected devices transmit continuously. **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Assessment+of+Radio+Frequency+Fields+in+the+2.45+GHz+Band+Produced+by+Smart+Home+Devices REF-0013. Associations of Maternal Cell Phone Use During Pregnancy, Pregnancy Duration And Fetal Growth In Four Birth Cohorts. Tsarna, E., et al. American Journal of Epidemiology 188(7):1270-1280. (2019). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2019 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz005 REF-0014. Autism-Relevant Social Abnormalities in Mice Exposed Perinatally to Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. Alsaeed, I., et al. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 37:58-64. (2014). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2014 **Exposure:** EMF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Autism-Relevant+Social+Abnormalities+in+Mice+Exposed+Perinatally+to+Extremely+Low+Frequency+Electromagnetic+Fields REF-0015. Base Stations — RF Exposure Assessment and Measurement. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). (n.d.). ICNIRP: Base Stations. **FCC Topic:** Fixed wireless infrastructure / site-specific exposure / compliance assessment. **HHS Questions:** Q15, Q16; also relevant to Q12 and Q13. **Dated:** Undated webpage; access; October 10, 2026. **Exposure:** RF electromagnetic fields from cellular base stations and other fixed transmitting antennas, including the effects of antenna orientation, height, tilt, reflections, vegetation, and surrounding conditions. **Finding:** ICNIRP explains that onsite field measurements provide the most accurate assessment of actual exposure in a particular environment and that exposure depends on site-specific conditions. This supports evaluating real operating conditions rather than relying exclusively on distance from an antenna or predicted exposure. **Link:** https://www.icnirp.org/en/applications/base-stations/index.html REF-0016. Base Stations. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). **FCC Topic:** Infrastructure exposure assessment / proximity to wireless installations. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** Current guidance. **Exposure:** RF emissions from base stations. **Finding:** ICNIRP explains that personal exposure is most accurately assessed through onsite field measurements and that antenna height, tilt, direction, vegetation, reflections, and distance can affect measured exposure. Distance alone is therefore not a reliable proxy for exposure. **Link:** https://www.icnirp.org/en/rf-faqs/index.html REF-0017. Bektas, H., Bektas, M. S., & Dasdag, S., Effect of mobile phone usage duration during pregnancy on the general motor movements of infants. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 36(1), 57–67. (2022) **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2022 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bektas%2C+H REF-0018. Bibliography of Reported Biological Phenomena (“Effects”) and Clinical Manifestations Attributed to Microwave and Radio-Frequency Radiation. Glaser, Z. R. (1972). Defense Documentation Center / Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC), Report AD0750271. Prepared at the Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. **FCC Topic:** Historical RF and microwave bioeffects research / reported clinical manifestations / research gaps and evidence evaluation. **HHS Questions:** Q10, Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** April 20, 1972. **Exposure:** Bibliographic compilation of more than 2,300 references on biological responses to radiofrequency and microwave radiation published through April 1972, with particular attention to effects reported in humans and detailed inclusion of Soviet and Eastern European literature. **Finding:** Provides an extensive historical bibliography of reported biological phenomena and clinical manifestations attributed to RF and microwave exposure. Chapter 1 outlines effects reported in the literature; the remaining citations are arranged alphabetically by author to facilitate retrieval of the original publications. The report is useful for identifying early research, historical hypotheses, and studies that may warrant examination in the context of later evidence. Limitation: This is a bibliography and literature compilation, not a systematic review using modern evidence-grading methods. Inclusion of a reported effect or study does not establish that the effect was independently replicated, that exposure caused it, or that the reported exposure conditions are comparable to modern environmental RF exposure. Its coverage ends in April 1972 and must be supplemented with later research. **Link:** https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0750271 REF-0019. Blood–brain barrier and cardiovascular outcomes REF-0020. Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability Following RF Exposure. Persson, B. R. R., et al. (2009). Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. **FCC Topic:** RF exposure / neurological mechanisms / blood–brain barrier. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 2009. **Exposure:** The linked paper concerns electromagnetic exposure and blood–brain barrier permeability; the supplied summary reports 10,000 µW/m². **Finding:** Examines whether exposure can alter blood–brain barrier permeability under experimental conditions. **Link:** https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15368370802344037 REF-0021. Building Science and Radiofrequency Radiation: What Makes Smart and Healthy Buildings. Clegg, F., et al. Building and Environment 176(106324):1-15. (2020). **FCC Topic:** Real-world ubiquity/use conditions (Other health effects) **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q7, Q8, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2020 **Exposure:** RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Building+Science+and+Radiofrequency+Radiation%3A+What+Makes+Smart+and+Healthy%C2%A0+Buildings REF-0022. Cancer Incidence and Mortality and Proximity to TV Towers. Hocking, B., Gordon, I. R., Grain, H. L., & Hatfield, G. E. (1996). Medical Journal of Australia, 165(11–12), 601–605. **FCC Topic:** RF exposure from broadcast transmitters / childhood leukemia / cancer outcomes. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16. **Dated:** 1996. **Exposure:** Residence in areas at different distances from television towers in northern Sydney; the supplied summary reports 2,000–80,000 µW/m². **Finding:** The study reported an association between residence nearer television towers and increased childhood leukemia incidence and mortality. Limitation: The study compared geographic areas and did not establish each child's actual RF exposure. Its findings demonstrate an association, not proof that RF caused leukemia. **Link:** https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1996.tb138661.x REF-0023. Cancer Incidence near Radio and Television Transmitters in Great Britain. I. Sutton Coldfield Transmitter.Dolk, H., Shaddick, G., Walls, P., Grundy, C., Thakrar, B., Kleinschmidt, I., & Elliott, P. (1997). American Journal of Epidemiology, 145(1), 1–9. **FCC Topic:** RF exposure from broadcast transmitters / adult leukemia / environmental epidemiology. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16. **Dated:** 1997. **Exposure:** Residential proximity to a high-power radio/television transmitter, with exposure estimated geographically rather than through personal RF monitoring. The supplied summary reports 13,000–57,000 µW/m². **Finding:** The study reported spatial patterns in cancer incidence near the Sutton Coldfield transmitter, including findings involving adult leukemia. Limitation: This was an ecological/geographical study; proximity-based exposure estimates cannot establish individual exposure or causation, and findings from one transmitter area may not generalize to other locations. **Link:** https://academic.oup.com/aje/article-abstract/145/1/1/68115 REF-0024. Cell Phones and Male Infertility: Dissecting the Relationship. Deepinder, F., et al. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 15(3):266-270. (2007). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2007 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cell+Phones+and+Male+Infertility%3A+Dissecting+the+Relationship REF-0025. Cell Phones: Modern Man’s Nemesis? Makker, K., et al. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 18(1):148-157. (2009). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2009 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cell+Phones%3A+Modern+Man%E2%80%99s+Nemesis%3F+Makker%2C+K REF-0026. Characterization of Radiofrequency Field Emissions from Smart Meters. Tell, R.A., Kavet, R. & Mezei, G. (2013). **FCC Topic:** Wireless infrastructure / smart-meter exposure characterization. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2013. **Exposure:** RF emissions from smart meters. **Finding:** Measured emissions from smart meters operating in northern California and examined transmission patterns, utility transmission data, and duty cycles. **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Characterization+of+Radiofrequency+Field+Emissions+from+Smart+Meters REF-0027. Childhood development, leukemia, and cancer REF-0028. Children Absorb Higher Doses of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation From Mobile Phones Than Adults. Morris, R., et al. IEEE Access: The Journal for Rapid Open Access Publishing Doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2478701. (2015). **FCC Topic:** Children/developmental exposure (Other health effects); Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure (Cancer and Reproductive) **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q6, Q7, Q8, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2015 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2478701 REF-0029. Children’s Exposure to RF Sources and Reported Health Symptoms. Durusoy, R., et al. (2017). Environmental Health. **FCC Topic:** Children's exposure / headaches / irritability / behavior and concentration. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 2017. **Exposure:** Study of children aged 8–17 and reported exposure to RF sources; exact exposure measures should be confirmed in the full paper. **Finding:** Investigated associations between RF exposure indicators and reported symptoms, including headache, irritability, and concentration or behavioral difficulties. Limitation: Observational associations and self-reported symptoms cannot demonstrate causation; the study's exposure assessment and potential confounders must be considered. **Link:** https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12940-017-0257-x REF-0030. Chromatin and DNA-Related Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields. Belyaev, I. (2008). Bioelectromagnetics. **FCC Topic:** RF exposure / genetic and cellular endpoints / biological mechanisms. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 2008. **Exposure:** RF electromagnetic fields in laboratory studies; the supplied summary refers to changes in gene-related measures and chromatin condensation. **Finding:** Cited in research examining whether RF exposure can influence gene expression or other cellular and genetic endpoints. **Link:** https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bem.20445 REF-0031. Chronic non-thermal exposure of modulated 2450 MHz microwave radiation alters thyroid hormones and behavior of male rats. Sinha, R.K. International Journal of Radiation Biology 84(6):505-513. (2008). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Reproductive) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2008 **Exposure:** 2450 MHz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chronic+non-thermal+exposure+of+modulated+2450+MHz+microwave+radiation+alters+thyroid+hormones+and+behavior+of+male+rats REF-0032. Cognitive impairment and neurogenotoxic effects in rats exposed to low-intensity microwave radiation. Deshmukh, P.S., et al. International Journal of Toxicology 34(3):284-290. (2015). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Neurological/cognitive) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2015 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cognitive+impairment+and+neurogenotoxic+effects+in+rats+exposed+to+low-intensity+microwave+radiation REF-0033. Commentary on the utility of the National Toxicology Program study on cell phone radiofrequency radiation data for assessing human health risks despite unfounded criticisms aimed at minimizing the findings of adverse health effects. Melnick, R. Environmental Research 168:1-6. (2019). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Cancer); Scientific evidence relevant to reassessment (Other health effects) **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q7, Q8, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2019 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Commentary+on+the+utility+of+the+National+Toxicology+Program+study+on+cell+phone+radiofrequency+radiation+data+for+assessing+human+health+risks+despite+unfounded+criticisms+aimed+at+minimizing+the+findings+of+adverse+health+effects REF-0034. Comparing DNA Damage Induced by Mobile Telephony and Other Types of Man-Made Electromagnetic Fields.Panagopoulos, D. J. (2019). Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 781, 53–62. **FCC Topic:** RF exposure / DNA damage / genetic mechanisms. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 2019. **Exposure:** Review of research on DNA damage associated with mobile-telephony RF and other man-made electromagnetic fields. **Finding:** Reviews experimental findings and proposed mechanisms of DNA damage across different types of electromagnetic exposure. Limitation: This is a review, not a single exposure experiment; conclusions depend on the quality, consistency, and comparability of the studies included. The review covers more than RF alone, so its findings should not be generalized across all electromagnetic frequencies. **Link:** https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1383574218300991 REF-0035. Cranial and Postcranial Skeletal Variations Induced in Mouse Embryos by Mobile Phone Radiation. Fragopoulou, AF., et al. Pathophysiology 17(3):169-77. (2010). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2010 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cranial+and+Postcranial+Skeletal+Variations+Induced+in+Mouse+Embryos+by+Mobile+Phone+Radiation REF-0036. Cumulative RF Exposure, Stress Hormones, and Circadian Rhythms. Halgamuge, M. N. (2013). Publication details should be confirmed from the linked record. **FCC Topic:** RF exposure / stress response / sleep and circadian rhythms. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 2013. **Exposure:** The supplied summary describes cumulative exposure and possible changes in stress hormones and circadian rhythms. **Finding:** Cited in the literature concerning biological responses to electromagnetic exposure and possible effects on stress-related processes. **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23377737/ REF-0037. Decreased Survival for Childhood Leukemia in Proximity to Television Towers. Hocking, B., & Gordon, I. (2003). Archives of Environmental Health, 58(9), 560–564. **FCC Topic:** Children's exposure / leukemia outcomes / survival. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16. **Dated:** 2003. **Exposure:** Residential proximity to television towers in Sydney. 2,000 -80,000 µW/m² **Finding:** Follow-up research reported reduced survival among children with leukemia who lived nearer the towers. Limitation: The analysis concerned survival among diagnosed children and does not independently establish that RF exposure caused either leukemia or the observed survival differences. **Link:** https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/AEOH.58.9.560-564 REF-0038. Development of health-based exposure limits for radiofrequency radiation from wireless devices using a benchmark dose approach. Uche, U., et al. Environmental Health, 20(84). (2021). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization; Real-world ubiquity/use conditions (Cancer, Neurological/cognitive, reproductive); Real-world ubiquity/use conditions (Other health effects) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16; Q5, Q7, Q8, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2021 **Exposure:** RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Development+of+health-based+exposure+limits+for+radiofrequency+radiation+from+wireless+devices+using+a+benchmark+dose+approach REF-0039. Different Periods of Intrauterine Exposure to Electromagnetic Field: Influence on Female Rats’ Fertility, Prenatal and Postnatal Development. Alchalabi, A., et al. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction 5(1):14-23. (2015). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2015 **Exposure:** EMF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Different+Periods+of+Intrauterine+Exposure+to+Electromagnetic+Field%3A+Influence+on+Female+Rats%E2%80%99+Fertility%2C+Prenatal+and+Postnatal+Development REF-0040. Dosimetric Study of Fetal Exposure to Uniform Magnetic Fields at 50 Hz. Liorni, I., et al. Bioelectromagnetics 35(8):580-97 (2014). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16, Q5, Q7, Q8 **Dated:** 2014 **Exposure:** 50 Hz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Dosimetric+Study+of+Fetal+Exposure+to+Uniform+Magnetic+Fields+at+50%E2%80%89Hz REF-0041. Effect of Cell Phone Usage on Semen Analysis in Men Attending Infertility Clinic: An Observational Study. Agarwal, A., et al. Fertility and Sterility 89(1):124-128. (2008). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2008 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Effect+of+Cell+Phone+Usage+on+Semen+Analysis+in+Men+Attending+Infertility+Clinic%3A+An+Observational+Study REF-0042. Effect of Electromagnetic Field Exposure on the Reproductive System. Gye, M., et al. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine 39(1):1-19. (2012). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2012 **Exposure:** EMF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Effect+of+Electromagnetic+Field+Exposure+on+the+Reproductive+System REF-0043. Effect of mobile telephones on sperm quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Adams, J., et al. Environment International 70:106-112. (2014). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2014 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24927498/ REF-0044. Effect of Radiation Emitted by Wireless Devices on Male Reproductive Hormones: A Systematic Review.Maluin, S. M. M., Osman, K. O., Jaffar, F. H. F., & Ibrahim, S. F. (2021). Frontiers in Physiology, 12, 732420. **FCC Topic:** RF exposure / male reproductive health / evidence synthesis. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 2021. **Exposure:** Animal and other research on RF-EMR from wireless devices, including mobile phones and Wi-Fi, and male reproductive hormones and testicular outcomes. **Finding:** Reviews studies reporting possible changes in testicular tissue, testosterone, and sperm parameters, while noting that conclusive evidence of harm to male reproductive hormones has not been established. Limitation: The review includes studies with varying designs and exposure methods. **Link:** https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8497974/ REF-0045. Effect of radiofrequency radiation on reproductive health. Singh, R., et al. Indian Journal of Medical Research 148(Suppl 1): S92–S99. (2018). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2018 **Exposure:** RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Effect+of+radiofrequency+radiation+on+reproductive+health REF-0046. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. Dasdag, S., et al. International Journal of Radiation Biology 91(7):555-561. (2015). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Neurological/cognitive) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2015 **Exposure:** 2.4 GHz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Effects+of+2 REF-0047. Effects of acute exposure to WIFI signals (2.45 GHz) on heart variability and blood pressure in Albinos rabbit. Saili, L., et al. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 40(2):600-605. (2015). **FCC Topic:** Testing/exposure characterization (Other health effects) **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q7, Q8, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2015 **Exposure:** 2.45 GHz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Effects+of+acute+exposure+to+WIFI+signals+%282 REF-0048. Effects of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Signal Exposure on Brain Glucose Metabolism. Volkow, N.D., et al. JAMA 305(8):808–813. (2011). **FCC Topic:** Scientific evidence relevant to reassessment (Human experimental evidence / neurological effects). **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q7, Q8, Q12, Q13 **Dated:** 2011. **Exposure:** Cellular-phone RF exposure for 50 minutes in a randomized crossover study of 47 healthy adults. **Finding:** Increased glucose metabolism in brain regions closest to the phone antenna during exposure; the study demonstrates an acute physiological response but does not establish that cell-phone RF exposure causes disease. **Link:** https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/645813 REF-0049. Effects of Exposure to Cellular Phones 950 MHz Electromagnetic Fields on Progesterone, Cortisol and Glucose Levels in Female Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Seyednour, R., Chekaniazar, V., et al. (2011). Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6(11), 1084–1088. **FCC Topic:** RF exposure / stress hormones / endocrine and metabolic outcomes. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 2011. **Exposure:** Female hamsters exposed to 950 MHz electromagnetic fields; the supplied summary reports 200,000 µW/m², which should be verified against the article's exposure description. **Finding:** Examined whether exposure affected cortisol, progesterone, and glucose levels. Limitation: Hormonal changes in an animal experiment; interpretation depends on exposure duration, dosimetry, controls, and reproducibility. **Link:** https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Asian%20Journal%20of%20Animal%20and%20Veterinary%20Advances&title=Effects%20of%20exposure%20to%20cellular%20phones%20950%20mhz%20electromagnetic%20fields%20on%20progesterone,%20cortisol%20and%20glucose%20level%20in%20female%20hamsters%20(Mesocricetus%20auratus)&author=R%20Seyednour&author=V%20Chekaniazar&volume=6&issue=11&publication_year=2011&pages=1084-1088 REF-0050. Effects of long-term pre- and post-natal exposure to 2.45 GHz wireless devices on developing male rat kidney. Kuybulu, A.E., et al. Renal Failure 38(4):571-580. (2016). **FCC Topic:** Testing/exposure characterization; Real-world ubiquity/use conditions (Other health effects) **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q7, Q8, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2016 **Exposure:** 2.45 GHz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Effects+of+long-term+pre-+and+post-natal+exposure+to+2 REF-0051. Effects of microwave at 2.45 GHz radiations on reproductive system of male rats. Kesari, K.K., et al. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 92(6):1135-1147. (2010). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Reproductive) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2010 **Exposure:** 2.45 GHz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Effects+of+microwave+at+2 REF-0052. Effects of Prenatal 900 MHz Electromagnetic Field Exposures on the Histology of Rat Kidney. Ulubay, M., et al. International Journal of Radiation Biology 91(1):35-41. (2015). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2017 **Exposure:** 2.45 GHz **Link:** https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.015 REF-0053. Effects of Prenatal Exposure to a 900 MHz Electromagnetic Field on the Dentate Gyrus of Rats: A Stereological and Histopathological Study. Odaci, E., et al. Brain Research 1238:224–229. (2008). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2017 **Exposure:** 2.45 GHz **Link:** https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.015 REF-0054. Effects of Prenatal Exposure to WiFi Signal (2.45 GHz) on Postnatal Development and Behavior in Rat: Influence of Maternal Restraint. Othman, H., et al. Behavioral Brain Research 326:291-301. (2017). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2017 **Exposure:** 2.45 GHz **Link:** https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.015 REF-0055. Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation on Children’s Learning and Motor Skills. Chiang, H., et al. (1989). Conference proceedings; linked document hosted by Environmental Health Trust. **FCC Topic:** Children's exposure / neurological and developmental outcomes. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 1989. **Exposure:** The supplied summary reports 40,000–150,000 µW/m² **Finding:** Cited in discussions of possible associations between RF exposure and children's learning or motor development. **Link:** https://ehtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Proceedings_20_Chiang.pdf REF-0056. Effects of the Exposure of Mobile Phones on Male Reproduction: A Review of the Literature. La Vignera, S., et al. Journal of Andrology 33(3):350-356. (2012). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2012 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Effects+of+the+Exposure+of+Mobile+Phones+on+Male+Reproduction%3A+A+Review+of+the+Literature REF-0057. Effects of wi-fi signals on the p300 component of event-related potentials during an auditory hayling task. Papageorgiou, C., et al. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience 10(2):189-202. (2011). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Neurological/cognitive) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2011 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Effects+of+wi-fi+signals+on+the+p300+component+of+event-related+potentials+during+an+auditory+hayling+task REF-0058. Electrohypersensitivity as a Newly Identified and Characterized Neurologic Pathological Disorder: How to Diagnose, Treat, and Prevent It. Belpomme, D., et al. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21(6):1915. (2020). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Neurological/cognitive) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2020 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Electrohypersensitivity+as+a+Newly+Identified+and+Characterized+Neurologic+Pathological+Disorder%3A+How+to+Diagnose%2C+Treat%2C+and+Prevent+It REF-0059. Electrohypersensitivity: A Functional Impairment Due to an Inaccessible Environment. Johansson, O. Reviews on Environmental Health 30(4):311-321. (2015). **FCC Topic:** Scientific evidence relevant to reassessment (Other health effects) **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q7, Q8, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2020 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Electrohypersensitivity+as+a+Newly+Identified+and+Characterized+Neurologic+Pathological+Disorder%3A+How+to+Diagnose%2C+Treat%2C+and+Prevent+It REF-0060. Electromagnetic Fields, Pulsed Radiofrequency Radiation, and Epigenetics: How Wireless Technologies May Affect Childhood Development. Sage, C., et al. Child Development 89(1):129-136. (2017). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Real-world ubiquity/use conditions (Neurological/cognitive) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2017 **Exposure:** RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Electromagnetic+Fields%2C+Pulsed+Radiofrequency+Radiation%2C+and+Epigenetics%3A+How+Wireless+Technologies+May+Affect+Childhood+Development REF-0061. Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects. Pall, M.L. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 17(8):958–965. (2013). **FCC Topic:** Scientific evidence relevant to reassessment (Other health effects) **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q7, Q8, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2017 **Exposure:** RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Electromagnetic+Fields%2C+Pulsed+Radiofrequency+Radiation%2C+and+Epigenetics%3A+How+Wireless+Technologies+May+Affect+Childhood+Development REF-0062. Electromagnetic Fields and Calcium Metabolism in Cardiac Cells. Shuvy, M., et al. (2014). Publication details should be confirmed from the linked record. **FCC Topic:** Electromagnetic exposure / cardiac cellular function / calcium signaling. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 2014. **Exposure:** The supplied summary reports 3,800 µW/m² and a possible effect on calcium metabolism in heart cells. **Finding:** Cited in relation to experimental research on electromagnetic exposure and cardiac-cell processes. **Link:** https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0940299314000657 REF-0063. Electromagnetic Fields and Immune-System Function. Walleczek, J. (1991). Publication details should be confirmed from the linked document. **FCC Topic:** Electromagnetic exposure / immune function / biological mechanisms. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 1991. **Exposure:** Research concerning electromagnetic fields and immune-system responses. The supplied summary reports 10,000 µW/m². **Finding:** Discusses possible interactions between electromagnetic fields and immune function. Limitation: Evidence involving ELF fields cannot automatically be generalized to RF. **Link:** https://escholarship.org/content/qt4r6592x8/qt4r6592x8.pdf REF-0064. Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity: Evidence for a Novel Neurological Syndrome. Belpomme, D., Irigaray, P., & colleagues (2018). Publication details should be confirmed from the linked record. **FCC Topic:** Reported RF/EMF-related symptoms / neurological and symptom surveillance. **HHS Questions:** Q10, Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 2018. **Exposure:** Individuals reporting symptoms they attribute to electromagnetic-field exposure; the supplied summary emphasizes symptoms at low exposure levels. **Finding:** Discusses reported symptoms and proposed clinical or biological features in people describing electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS). **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28678737/ REF-0065. Electromagnetic radiation 2450 MHz exposure causes cognition deficit with mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in rats. Gupta, S., et al. Journal of Biosciences 43(2):263-276. (2018). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Neurological/cognitive) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2018 **Exposure:** 2450 MHz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Electromagnetic+radiation+2450+MHz+exposure+causes+cognition+deficit+with+mitochondrial+dysfunction+and+activation+of+intrinsic+pathway+of+apoptosis+in+rats REF-0066. Electromagnetic Radiation at 900 MHz Induces Sperm Apoptosis through bcl-2, bax and caspase-3 Signaling Pathways in Rats. Liu, Q., et al. Journal of Reproductive Health 12:65. (2015). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2018 **Exposure:** 2450 MHz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Electromagnetic+radiation+2450+MHz+exposure+causes+cognition+deficit+with+mitochondrial+dysfunction+and+activation+of+intrinsic+pathway+of+apoptosis+in+rats REF-0067. Emotional Behavior Changes and Oxidative Stress Following RF Exposure. Akoev, I. G., et al. (2002). Publication details should be confirmed from the linked record. **FCC Topic:** RF exposure / neurological and behavioral outcomes / oxidative stress. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 2002. **Exposure:** The supplied summary reports 8,000–10,000 µW/m²; the exposure conditions and units should be confirmed in the original article. **Finding:** Cited in relation to experimental investigations of behavioral and oxidative-stress outcomes after electromagnetic exposure. **Link:** https://europepmc.org/article/med/12125273 REF-0068. Epidemiological Evidence for a Health Risk from Mobile Phone Base Stations. Khurana, V. G., Hardell, L., Everaert, J., Bortkiewicz, A., Carlberg, M., & Ahonen, M. (2010). International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 16(3), 263–267. **FCC Topic:** RF exposure from base stations / neurological symptoms / cancer and epidemiology. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16. **Dated:** 2010. **Exposure:** Epidemiological research on people living near mobile-phone base stations, with studies using different exposure-assessment methods. The supplied summary reports 500–1,000 µW/m², but this is not a universal exposure level for the studies reviewed. **Finding:** Reviews epidemiological studies reporting associations between base-station exposure and some health outcomes, including symptoms and cancer-related endpoints. **Link:** https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/107735210799160192 REF-0069. Evaluation of Radiofrequency Exposure Levels from Multiple Wireless Installations in Population Dense Areas in Korea. Kim, B.C., Kim, W.K., Lee, G.T., et al. Bioelectromagnetics 35:603–606. (2014). **FCC Topic:** Multiple wireless installations / cumulative environmental exposure. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2014. **Exposure:** RF emissions from multiple wireless installations in densely populated areas. **Finding:** Evaluated RF exposure associated with multiple wireless installations and is relevant to assessment of environments in which several transmitting sources contribute to measured exposure. **Link:** https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.21874 REF-0070. Exposure to a 2.5 GHz Non-ionizing Electromagnetic Field Alters Hematological Profiles, Biochemical Parameters, and Induces Oxidative Stress in Male Albino Rats. Bamikole, A.O., et al. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 32(11):860-863. (2019). **FCC Topic:** Testing/exposure characterization (Other health effects) **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q7, Q8, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2019 **Exposure:** 2.5 GHz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Exposure+to+a+2 REF-0071. Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields, Cell Phone Use Behaviors, SAR Values, and Changes in Health Following Exposure in Adolescent University Students. Keleş, A. İ., & Uzun Şahin, C. (2021). Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 79(2), 139–148. **FCC Topic:** Adolescent exposure / phone-use patterns / self-reported health outcomes.; Adolescent exposure / neurological symptoms / sleep and concentration. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 2021. **Exposure:** Cellphone-use behaviors and specific absorption rate (SAR) estimates among adolescent university students. The supplied summary reports 100–500 µW/m²; The study assessed phone-use behaviors and estimated SAR in students. **Finding:** Investigated RF exposure estimates, phone-use behaviors, and reported health changes in students. **Link:** https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2020-0283 REF-0072. Exposure to Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields and the Risk of Childhood Cancer: Update of the Epidemiological Evidence. Schüz, J. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 107(3):339-342. (2011). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Cancer) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q12, Q16 **Dated:** 2011 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Exposure+to+Extremely+Low-Frequency+Magnetic+Fields+and+the+Risk+of+Childhood+Cancer%3A+Update+of+the+Epidemiological+Evidence REF-0073. Exposure to Magnetic Field Non-Ionizing Radiation and the Risk of Miscarriage: A prospective Cohort Study. Li, D., et al. Scientific Reports 7(17541). (2017). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2017 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Exposure+to+Magnetic+Field+Non-Ionizing+Radiation+and+the+Risk+of+Miscarriage%3A+A+prospective+Cohort+Study REF-0074. Exposure to Magnetic fields and the Risk of Poor Sperm Quality. Li, D.K, et al. Journal of Reproductive Toxicology 29(1):86-92. (2010). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2017 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Exposure+to+Magnetic+Field+Non-Ionizing+Radiation+and+the+Risk+of+Miscarriage%3A+A+prospective+Cohort+Study REF-0075. Exposure to Magnetic Fields and the Risk of Poor Sperm Quality. Li, D.-K., Yan, B., Li, Z., Gao, E., Miao, M., Gong, D., Weng, X., Ferber, J. R., & Yuan, W. (2010). Reproductive Toxicology, 29(1), 86–92. **FCC Topic:** Reproductive health / electromagnetic exposure assessment. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 2010. **Exposure:** Daily personal measurements of magnetic fields in a population-based case-control study of healthy sperm donors. **Finding:** Participants whose 90th-percentile magnetic-field level was at least 1.6 milligauss had approximately twice the odds of abnormal sperm motility and morphology compared with those with lower exposure, after adjustment for confounders. **Link:** https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0890623809002664 REF-0076. Exposure to Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Behavioral Problems in Bavarian Children and Adolescents. Thomas, S., et al. European Journal of Epidemiology 25(2):135-41. (2009). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure; Testing/exposure characterization (Neurological/cognitive) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2009 **Exposure:** EMF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Exposure+to+Radio-Frequency+Electromagnetic+Fields+and+Behavioral+Problems+in+Bavarian+Children+and+Adolescents REF-0077. Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields from Wi-Fi in Australian Schools. (2017). **FCC Topic:** Exposure assessment in schools / children. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2017. **Exposure:** Wi-Fi and other RF sources in school environments. **Finding:** Measured typical and peak RF levels in 23 Australian schools, including classrooms and schoolyards, providing direct measurements of RF exposure in environments where children spend substantial amounts of time. **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Exposure+to+Radiofrequency+Electromagnetic+Fields+from+Wi-Fi+in+Australian+Schools REF-0078. Extremely Low frequency Magnetic Fields Induce Spermatogenic Germ Cell Apoptosis: Possible Mechanism. Lee, S., et al. BioMed Research International 2014(567183). (2014). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2014 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Extremely+Low+frequency+Magnetic+Fields+Induce+Spermatogenic+Germ+Cell+Apoptosis%3A+Possible+Mechanism REF-0079. Extremely Low Frequency–Electromagnetic Fields Can Decrease Spermatocyte Count and Motility and Change Testicular Tissue. Karbalay-Doust, S., Darabyan, M., Sisakht, M., Haddadi, G., Sotoudeh, N., Haghani, M., & Mortazavi, S. M. J. (2023). Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering, 13(2), 135–146. **FCC Topic:** Reproductive health / electromagnetic exposure, with an important distinction between ELF and RF. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 2023. **Exposure:** Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF), not radiofrequency radiation. **Finding:** Reported changes in spermatocyte count, sperm motility, and testicular tissue in an experimental model. **Link:** https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10111108/ REF-0080. FCC Consumer Complaints Data. Federal Communications Commission (FCC). (n.d.). Consumer Complaints Data. **FCC Topic:** Public complaints / incident reporting / transparency and accountability. **HHS Questions:** Q15, Q16; also relevant to Q12 and Q13 where public reporting and exposure-related concerns are addressed. **Dated:** Undated public dataset; access; October 10, 2026. **Exposure:** Consumer-submitted complaints across FCC-related categories; the dataset is not limited to RF exposure or wireless-infrastructure emissions. **Finding:** Provides a publicly accessible record of consumer complaints. The FCC states that complaint information reflects what consumers report and that the agency does not verify the facts alleged. This illustrates the distinction between collecting public complaints and maintaining a standardized technical incident-reporting system with validated measurements, documented investigation, and confirmed corrective action. Limitation: Complaints alone do not establish that an RF exposure event occurred, that exposure limits were exceeded, or that a health effect was caused. The dataset should not be presented as a verified record of RF incidents. **Link:** https://opendata.fcc.gov/Consumer/CGB-Consumer-Complaints-Data/3xyp-aqkj REF-0081. Fetal Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure From 800-1900 MHz-Rated Cellular Telephones Affects Neurodevelopment and Behavior in Mice. Aldad, T., et al. Science Reports 2:312. (2012). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2012 **Exposure:** 1900 MHz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Fetal+Radiofrequency+Radiation+Exposure+From+800-1900+MHz-Rated+Cellular+Telephones+Affects+Neurodevelopment+and+Behavior+in+Mice REF-0082. From the Cover: 2.45-GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Hippocampal Learning and Spatial Memory: Involvement of Local Stress Mechanism-Induced Suppression of iGluR/ERK/CREB Signaling. Shahin, S., et al. Toxicological Sciences 161(2):349-374. (2018). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Neurological/cognitive) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2018 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=From+the+Cover%3A+2 REF-0083. Genetics, DNA, and cellular effects REF-0084. Genotoxicity Induced by Foetal and Infant Exposure to Magnetic Fields and Modulation of Ionising Radiation Effects. Udroiu, I., et al. PLoS One10(11):E0142259. (2015). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2015 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Genotoxicity+Induced+by+Foetal+and+Infant+Exposure+to+Magnetic+Fields+and+Modulation+of+Ionising+Radiation+Effects REF-0085. GSM Base Station Electromagnetic Radiation and Oxidative Stress in Rats. Yurekli, A. I., Ozkan, M., Kalkan, T., Saybasili, H., Tuncel, H., Atukeren, P., Gumustas, K., & Seker, S. (2006). Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 25(3), 177–188. **FCC Topic:** RF exposure / oxidative stress / laboratory evidence. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 2006. **Exposure:** Rats exposed to 945 MHz GSM base-station-frequency radiation in a controlled GTEM-cell environment. The supplied summary reports 280,000 µW/m²; confirm the original paper's exposure metric before using this value. **Finding:** Investigated oxidative-stress markers in rats exposed to GSM-frequency radiation. **Link:** https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15368370600875042 REF-0086. Guidance for Assessment, Evaluation and Monitoring of Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. ITU-T K.91. International Telecommunication Union. (2024). **FCC Topic:** RF exposure assessment / multiple-source exposure. **HHS Questions:** Q9, Q12, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2024. **Exposure:** RF electromagnetic fields from multiple sources. **Finding:** Provides guidance for assessing, evaluating, and monitoring RF exposure and addresses simultaneous exposure to multiple sources, including cumulative calculations in which contributions from different frequencies are considered together. **Link:** https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-K.91 REF-0087. Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz). International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Health Physics 118(5):483–524. (2020). **FCC Topic:** Exposure assessment and exposure limits. **HHS Questions:** Q9, Q10, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2020. **Exposure:** 100 kHz–300 GHz. **Finding:** Provides the principal international framework for assessing RF exposure, including frequency, antenna characteristics, field strength, exposure geometry, averaging, and multiple-source exposure. **Link:** https://www.icnirp.org/en/publications/article/rf-guidelines-2020.html REF-0088. Habits of Cell Phone usage and Sperm Quality - Does It Warrant Attention? Zilberlicht, A., et al. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 31(3):421-426. (2015). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2015 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Habits+of+Cell+Phone+usage+and+Sperm+Quality+-+Does+It+Warrant+Attention%3F+Zilberlicht%2C+A REF-0089. Hepatic injury induced by radio frequency waves emitted from conventional Wi-Fi devices in Wistar rats. Fahmy, H.M., et al. Human & Experimental Toxicology 40(1):136-147. (2021). **FCC Topic:** Scientific evidence relevant to reassessment (Other health effects) **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q7, Q8, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2021 **Exposure:** Wi-Fi; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hepatic+injury+induced+by+radio+frequency+waves+emitted+from+conventional+Wi-Fi+devices+in+Wistar+rats REF-0090. Histopathologic effects of mobile phone radiation exposure on the tetes and sperm parameters: A systemic literature review of animal studies. Assefa EM, Abdu SM, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, Vol 6 (2025) **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2025 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Assefa+EM%2C+Abdu+SM%2C+Histopathologic+effects+of+mobile+phone+radiation+exposure+on+the+tetes+and+sperm+parameters%3A+A+systemic+literature+review+of+animal+studies%2C+Frontiers+in+Reproductive+Health%2C+Vol+6+%282025%29 REF-0091. Human Exposure Assessment to Wearable Antennas: Effect of Position and Interindividual Anatomical Variability. Lemaire, D., et al. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):6206. (2022). **FCC Topic:** Wearable-device exposure / anatomical variability. **HHS Questions:** Q9, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2022. **Exposure:** 2.45 GHz wearable antenna. **Finding:** Modeled six realistic antenna configurations on male and female anatomical models. Exposure varied according to antenna position, with the highest calculated exposure concentrated in tissue immediately beneath the antenna. **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Human+Exposure+Assessment+to+Wearable+Antennas+Effect+of+Position+and+Interindividual+Anatomical+Variability REF-0092. Human Exposure to EMF from 5G Base Stations: Analysis, Evaluation and Comparison of Different Assessment Methods. Expósito, N., et al. (2024). **FCC Topic:** 5G infrastructure / exposure measurement methodology. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2024. **Exposure:** RF fields from 5G base stations. **Finding:** Compared broadband field probes, spectrum analyzers, and drive-test scanners and demonstrated that the selected measurement method can affect characterization of exposure. **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Human+Exposure+to+EMF+from+5G+Base+Stations+Analysis+Evaluation+and+Comparison REF-0093. Immunohistopathologic demonstration of deleterious effects on growing rat testes of radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional Wi-Fi devices. Atasoy, H.I., et al. Journal of Pediatric Urology 9(2):223-239. (2013). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Reproductive) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2013 **Exposure:** Wi-Fi; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Immunohistopathologic+demonstration+of+deleterious+effects+on+growing+rat+testes+of+radiofrequency+waves+emitted+from+conventional+Wi-Fi+devices REF-0094. Impact of 900 MHz Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Main Male Reproductive Hormone Levels: A Rattus norvegicus Model. Sepehrimanesh, M., Saeb, M., Nazifi, S., Kazemipour, N., Jelodar, G., & Saeb, S. (2014). International Journal of Biometeorology, 58(7), 1657–1663. **FCC Topic:** RF exposure / male reproductive hormones / animal evidence. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 2014. **Exposure:** Twenty male rats exposed to 900 MHz RF for 1, 2, or 4 hours per day over 30 days, with a sham-exposed comparison group. The supplied summary reports 1,000,000 µW/m². **Finding:** Evaluated changes in testosterone and other reproductive hormones after repeated exposure. **Link:** https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00484-013-0771-7 REF-0095. In Vitro Effect of Cell Phone Radiation on Motility, DNA Fragmentation and Clusterin Gene Expression in Human Sperm. Zalata, A., et al. International Journal of Fertility and Sterility 9(1):129-136. (2015). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2015 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=In+Vitro+Effect+of+Cell+Phone+Radiation+on+Motility%2C+DNA+Fragmentation+and+Clusterin+Gene+Expression+in+Human+Sperm REF-0096. In-Situ Measurements of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Around 5G Macro Base Stations in the UK.Calderon, A., Addison, D. & Peyman, A. Bioelectromagnetics 46(5). (2025). **FCC Topic:** Current wireless infrastructure exposure measurements / 5G. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2025. **Exposure:** RF fields surrounding active 5G macro base stations. **Finding:** Measurements were performed at 56 active 5G macro base stations across 30 publicly accessible locations, evaluating background conditions and different network-activity scenarios. The study provides current field measurements around real-world wireless infrastructure. **Link:** https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70012 REF-0097. Indicative SAR Levels Due to an Active Mobile Phone in a Front Trouser Pocket in Proximity to Common Metallic Objects. Whittow, WG., et al. IEEE Xplore 149-152 (2008). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2008 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Indicative+SAR+Levels+Due+to+an+Active+Mobile+Phone+in+a+Front+Trouser+Pocket+in+Proximity+to+Common+Metallic+Objects REF-0098. Influence of Pregnancy Stage and Fetus Position on the Whole-Body and Local Exposure of the Fetus to RF-EMF. Varsier, N. et al. Physics in Medicine and Biology 59(17):4913-26. (2014). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16, Q5, Q7, Q8 **Dated:** 2014 **Exposure:** RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Influence+of+Pregnancy+Stage+and+Fetus+Position+on+the+Whole-Body+and+Local+Exposure+of+the+Fetus+to+RF-EMF REF-0099. Laboratory studies: oxidative stress, hormones, calcium signaling, and the blood–brain barrier REF-0100. Lai H. Genetic effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields. Electromagnetic Biology Med. Apr 3;40(2):264-273. (2021) **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2021 **Exposure:** EMF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Lai+H REF-0101. Lasting Hepatotoxic Effects of Prenatal Mobile Phone Exposure. Yilmaz, A., et al. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 30(11):1355-1359 (2017). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2017 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Lasting+Hepatotoxic+Effects+of+Prenatal+Mobile+Phone+Exposure REF-0102. Long-term exposure of 2450 MHz electromagnetic radiation induces stress and anxiety like behavior in rats. Gupta, S.K., et al. Neurochemistry International 128:1-13. (2019). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Neurological/cognitive) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2019 **Exposure:** 2450 MHz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Long-term+exposure+of+2450%E2%80%AFMHz+electromagnetic+radiation+induces+stress+and+anxiety+like+behavior+in+rats REF-0103. Long-Term Exposure to 4G Smartphone Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation Diminished Male Reproductive Portential by Directly Disrupting Spck3-MMP2-BTB Axis in the Testes of Adult Rats. Yu, G., et al. Science of The Total Environment 698(133860). (2020). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2020 **Exposure:** RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Long-Term+Exposure+to+4G+Smartphone+Radiofrequency+Electromagnetic+Radiation+Diminished+Male+Reproductive+Portential+by+Directly+Disrupting+Spck3-MMP2-BTB+Axis+in+the+Testes+of+Adult+Rats REF-0104. Long-term exposure to electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones and Wi-Fi devices decreases plasma prolactin, progesterone, and estrogen levels but increases uterine oxidative stress in pregnant rats and their offspring. Yüksel, M., et al. Endocrine 52(2):352-362. (2016). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Reproductive) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2020 **Exposure:** RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Long-Term+Exposure+to+4G+Smartphone+Radiofrequency+Electromagnetic+Radiation+Diminished+Male+Reproductive+Portential+by+Directly+Disrupting+Spck3-MMP2-BTB+Axis+in+the+Testes+of+Adult+Rats REF-0105. Longitudinal Study of Exposure to Radio Frequencies at Population Scale. Boussad, Y., et al. Environment International 162:107144. (2022). **FCC Topic:** Real-world cumulative and multiple-source RF exposure. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2022. **Exposure:** Cellular antennas, Wi-Fi access points, and Bluetooth devices. **Finding:** Analyzed crowd-sourced RF measurements from 254,410 unique users in 13 countries from 2017–2020 and examined changes in exposure over time and contributions from multiple RF sources. **Link:** https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107144 REF-0106. Lost Opportunities for Cancer Prevention: Historical Evidence on Early Warnings with Emphasis on Radiofrequency Radiation. Hardell, L., et al. Reviews on Environmental Health 000010151520200168. (2021). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Cancer) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q12, Q16 **Dated:** 2021 **Exposure:** RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Lost+Opportunities+for+Cancer+Prevention%3A+Historical+Evidence+on+Early+Warnings+with+Emphasis+on+Radiofrequency+Radiation REF-0107. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Megha, K. et al. NeuroToxicology 51:158-165. (2015). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Neurological/cognitive) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2015 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Low+intensity+microwave+radiation+induced+oxidative+stress%2C+inflammatory+response+and+DNA+damage+in+rat+brain REF-0108. Male Fertility and its Association with Occupational and Mobile Phone Tower Hazards: An Analytical Study. Al-Quzwini, O., et al. Middle East Fertility Society Journal 21(4):236-240. (2016). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2016 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Male+Fertility+and+its+Association+with+Occupational+and+Mobile+Phone+Tower+Hazards%3A+An+Analytical+Study REF-0109. Maternal Exposure to a Continuous 900-MHz Electromagnetic Field Provokes Neuronal Loss and Pathological Changes in Cerebellum of 32-Day-Old Female Rat Offspring. Odacı, E., et al. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 75(Pt B):105-110. (2015). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2015 **Exposure:** EMF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Maternal+Exposure+to+a+Continuous+900-MHz+Electromagnetic+Field+Provokes+Neuronal+Loss+and+Pathological+Changes+in+Cerebellum+of+32-Day-Old+Female+Rat+Offspring REF-0110. Maternal Occupational Exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields and the Risk of Brain Cancer in the Offspring. Li, P, et al. Cancer Causes & Control 20(6):945-55. (2009). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2009 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Maternal+Occupational+Exposure+to+Extremely+Low+Frequency+Magnetic+Fields+and+the+Risk+of+Brain+Cancer+in+the+Offspring REF-0111. Measurements of Radiofrequency Radiation with a Body-Borne Exposimeter in Swedish Schools with Wi-Fi. Hedendahl, L.K., et al. Frontiers in Public Health 5(279):1-14. (2017). **FCC Topic:** Real-world ubiquity/use conditions (Other health effects) **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q7, Q8, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2017 **Exposure:** Wi-Fi; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00279 REF-0112. Mobile Phone Radiation Induces Reactive Oxygen Species Production and DNA Damage in Human Spermatozoa In Vitro. De Luliis, G., et al. PLoS ONE 4(7). (2009). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2009 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mobile+Phone+Radiation+Induces+Reactive+Oxygen+Species+Production+and+DNA+Damage+in+Human+Spermatozoa+In+Vitro REF-0113. Mobile Phone Use During Pregnancy: Which Association With Fetal Growth? Boileau, N., et al. Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction 49(8):101852. (2020). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2020 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mobile+Phone+Use+During+Pregnancy%3A+Which+Association+With+Fetal+Growth%3F+Boileau%2C+N REF-0114. Modulatory Effect of 900 MHz Radiation on Biochemical and Reproductive Parameters in Rats. Narayanan, SN., et al. Bratislava Medical Journal 119(9):581-587. (2018). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2018 **Exposure:** 900 MHz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Modulatory+Effect+of+900+MHz+Radiation+on+Biochemical+and+Reproductive+Parameters+in+Rats REF-0115. Mother’s Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields Before and During Pregnancy is Associated with Risk of Speech Problems in Offspring. Zarei, S., et al. Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering 9(1):61-68. (2019). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2019 **Exposure:** EMF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mother%E2%80%99s+Exposure+to+Electromagnetic+Fields+Before+and+During+Pregnancy+is+Associated+with+Risk+of+Speech+Problems+in+Offspring REF-0116. Multiple Assessment Methods of Prenatal Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation from Telecommunication in the Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health (MOCEH) Study. Choi, KH., et al. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 29(6):959-972 (2016). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2016 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Multiple+Assessment+Methods+of+Prenatal+Exposure+to+Radio+Frequency+Radiation+from+Telecommunication+in+the+Mothers+and+Children%E2%80%99s+Environmental+Health+%28MOCEH%29+Study REF-0117. National Toxicology Program Technical Report TR-595 — Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies in Sprague Dawley Rats Exposed to Whole-Body Radio Frequency Radiation at a Frequency (900 MHz) and Modulations (GSM and CDMA) Used by Cell Phones. National Toxicology Program. NTP TR-595. (2018). **FCC Topic:** Scientific evidence relevant to reassessment (Cancer / long-term exposure). **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q7, Q8, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2018. **Exposure:** 900 MHz GSM/CDMA whole-body RF exposure at 0, 1.5, 3, and 6 W/kg. **Finding:** The NTP reported clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in exposed male rats based principally on malignant heart schwannomas, with additional findings involving brain gliomas and adrenal tumors. **Link:** https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/publications/reports/tr/tr595 REF-0118. National Toxicology Technical Report on Cell Phones and Cancer.Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies in Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) Rats Exposed to Whole-body Radio Frequency Radiation at a Frequency (900 Mhz) and Modulations (GSM and CDMA) Used by Cell Phones. National Toxicology Program TR595:1-466. (2018). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Cancer); Scientific evidence relevant to reassessment (Other health effects) **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q7, Q8, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2018 **Exposure:** 900 Mhz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33562898/ REF-0119. Neurodegenerative Changes and Apoptosis Induced by Intrauterine and Extrauterine Exposure of Radiofrequency Radiation. Güler, G., et al. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 75(Pt B):128-133. (2015). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2015 **Exposure:** RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Neurodegenerative+Changes+and+Apoptosis+Induced+by+Intrauterine+and+Extrauterine+Exposure+of+Radiofrequency+Radiation REF-0120. Numerical evaluation of human exposure to WiMax patch antenna in tablet or laptop. Siervo, B., et al. Bio Electro Magnetics 39(5):414-422. (2018). **FCC Topic:** Testing/exposure characterization (Other health effects) **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q7, Q8, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16, Q11 **Dated:** 2018 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Numerical+evaluation+of+human+exposure+to+WiMax+patch+antenna+in+tablet+or+laptop REF-0121. Oxidative Stress of Brain and Liver is Increased by Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz) Exposure of Rats During Pregnancy and the Development of Newborns. Çelik, Ö., et al. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 75(Pt B):134-139. (2015). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2016 **Exposure:** 2.45GHz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Oxidative+stress+of+brain+and+liver+is+increased+by+Wi-Fi+%282 REF-0122. Oxidative stress of brain and liver is increased by Wi-Fi (2.45GHz) exposure of rats during pregnancy and the development of newborns. Çelik, Ö., et al. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 75(Part B):134-139. (2016). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Neurological/cognitive/other health effects) **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q6, Q7, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2016 **Exposure:** 2.45GHz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Oxidative+stress+of+brain+and+liver+is+increased+by+Wi-Fi+%282 REF-0123. Permeability of the Blood–Brain Barrier Induced by 915 MHz Electromagnetic Radiation, Continuous Wave and Modulated at 8, 16, 50, and 200 Hz. Salford, L. G., Brun, A., Sturesson, K., Eberhardt, J. L., & Persson, B. R. (1994). Microscopy Research and Technique, 27(6), 535–542. **FCC Topic:** RF exposure / neurological mechanisms / blood–brain barrier. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 1994. **Exposure:** Rats exposed to 915 MHz RF under continuous-wave and several amplitude-modulation conditions. The supplied summary reports 1,200,000 µW/m². **Finding:** Investigated whether RF exposure altered blood–brain barrier permeability in an animal model. **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8012056/ REF-0124. Personal Exposure to Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in Europe: Is There a Generation Gap? Birks, L.E., et al. Environment International 121:894–902. (2018). **FCC Topic:** Children's exposure / parent-child exposure comparison. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2018. **Exposure:** Environmental downlink, mobile-phone uplink, broadcast, DECT, and Wi-Fi sources. **Finding:** Simultaneous 24–72-hour personal measurements were obtained from 294 parent-child pairs in five European countries and evaluated differences in exposure associated with activities and behavior. **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Personal+exposure+to+radio-frequency+electromagnetic+fields+in+Europe+Is+there+a+generation+gap REF-0125. Personal Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields in Adolescents — 5G-Era Measurements. Swiss adolescent 5G-era study. (2026). **FCC Topic:** Children's exposure / evolving wireless technology. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2026. **Exposure:** Multiple RF bands including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular uplink/downlink, broadcast, and 5G TDD. **Finding:** Provides current real-world personal exposure measurements after the introduction of 5G and demonstrates that exposure consists of contributions from multiple technologies rather than a single source. **Link:** https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2026.124775 REF-0126. Personal Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Among Swiss Adolescents in the 5G Era. Roser, K., et al. Environment Research 304:124775. (2026). **FCC Topic:** Children's/adolescent exposure / 5G-era exposure. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2026. **Exposure:** Thirty-five RF frequency bands measured for approximately 72 hours in 143 adolescents. **Finding:** Wi-Fi/Bluetooth accounted for approximately 35% of categorized exposure, broadcast 31%, uplink 19%, downlink 10%, and 5G TDD 4%; the study provides current evidence on the composition of personal RF exposure in the 5G era. **Link:** https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2026.124775 REF-0127. Personal Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Measurements in Swiss Adolescents. Roser, K., Schoeni, A., Struchen, B., et al. Environment International 99:303–314. (2017). **FCC Topic:** Children's/adolescent exposure / personal exposure assessment. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2017. **Exposure:** 13 RF frequency bands measured with personal exposimeters for three days in 90 adolescents aged 13–17. **Finding:** Mobile phones were the largest contributor to measured personal exposure, while environmental sources including base stations, WLAN access points, and other phones also contributed. **Link:** https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.12.008 REF-0128. Personal Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure of Adolescents in the Greater London Area in the SCAMP Cohort and the Association with Restrictions on Permitted Use of Mobile Communication Technologies at School and at Home. Calvente, I., et al. Environment International 212:113252. (2022). **FCC Topic:** Children's/adolescent exposure / multiple RF sources. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2022. **Exposure:** Sixteen RF frequency bands including mobile-phone uplink/downlink, Wi-Fi, DECT, and broadcast sources. **Finding:** Personal RF exposure was measured in 148 adolescents for a median of 47 hours, providing real-world information on the combination of personal-device and environmental RF exposure. **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Personal+radiofrequency+electromagnetic+field+exposure+of+adolescents+in+the+Greater+London+area+SCAMP REF-0129. Postnatal Development and Behavior Effects of In-Utero Exposure of Rats to Radiofrequency Waves Emitted From Conventional WiFi Devices. Othman, H., et al. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 52:239-247 (2017). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2017 **Exposure:** Wi-Fi; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Postnatal+Development+and+Behavior+Effects+of+In-Utero+Exposure+of+Rats+to+Radiofrequency+Waves+Emitted+From+Conventional+WiFi+Devices REF-0130. Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Cell Phone Use and Behavioral Problems in Children. Divan, HA., et al. Epidemiology 19(4):523-29 (2008). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2008 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Prenatal+and+Postnatal+Exposure+to+Cell+Phone+Use+and+Behavioral+Problems+in+Children REF-0131. Prenatal Exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field and Its Impact on Fetal Growth. Ren, Y., et al. Environmental Health 18(1):6. (2019). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2019 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Prenatal+Exposure+to+Extremely+Low+Frequency+Magnetic+Field+and+Its+Impact+on+Fetal+Growth REF-0132. Prolonged RF Exposure, Sleep, Mood, and Neurological Symptoms. Belyaev, I., et al. (2016). Publication details should be confirmed from the linked article. **FCC Topic:** RF exposure / sleep / mood and neurological outcomes. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 2016. **Exposure:** The supplied summary describes prolonged RF exposure and reports sleep disturbances, mood changes, and mild neurological effects. **Finding:** Cited in discussions of possible neurological and sleep-related effects associated with RF exposure. Limitation: The exact article title, study design, exposure conditions, and findings should be verified before attributing a particular effect to the source. **Link:** https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5383603/ REF-0133. Prospective Cohort Analysis of Cellphone Use and Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties in Children. Sudan, M., et al. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 70(12):1207-1213. (2016). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure (Neurological/cognitive) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2016 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Prospective+Cohort+Analysis+of+Cellphone+Use+and+Emotional+and+Behavioural+Difficulties+in+Children REF-0134. Pyramidal Cell Loss in the Cornu Ammonis of 32-day-old Female Rats Following Exposure to a 900 Megahertz Electromagnetic Field During Prenatal Days 13–21. Bas, O., et al. NeuroQuantology 11(4):591-599. (2013). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2013 **Exposure:** EMF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pyramidal+Cell+Loss+in+the+Cornu+Ammonis+of+32-day-old+Female+Rats+Following+Exposure+to+a+900+Megahertz+Electromagnetic+Field+During+Prenatal+Days+13%E2%80%9321 REF-0135. Radiations and Male Fertility. Kesari, K., et al. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 16(118). (2018). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2018 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Radiations+and+Male+Fertility REF-0136. Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation (Rf-EMR) from GSM Mobile Phones Induces Oxidative Stress and Reduces Sperm Motility in Rats. Mailankot, M., et al. Clinics (San Paulo) 64(6):561-5. (2009). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2009 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Radio+Frequency+Electromagnetic+Radiation+%28Rf-EMR%29+from+GSM+Mobile+Phones+Induces+Oxidative+Stress+and+Reduces+Sperm+Motility+in+Rats REF-0137. Radiofrequency Exposure from Wireless LANs Utilizing Wi-Fi Technology. Foster, K.R. (2007). **FCC Topic:** Wi-Fi exposure assessment. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2007. **Exposure:** Wi-Fi RF fields. **Finding:** Measurements were conducted at 356 locations at 55 sites in the United States and several European countries, including residences, commercial spaces, healthcare facilities, educational institutions, and public spaces. **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Radiofrequency+Exposure+from+Wireless+LANs+Utilizing+Wi-Fi+Technology REF-0138. Radiofrequency Exposure of People Living Near Mobile-Phone Base Stations in France. Breckenkamp, J., et al. Environment International. (2021). **FCC Topic:** Exposure assessment / base-station infrastructure. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2021. **Exposure:** Multiple RF sources including cellular, Wi-Fi, and broadcast signals. **Finding:** Combined spot measurements in 354 homes with 48-hour and 7-day personal measurements; examined window orientation, line of sight, distance, and apartment floor as factors affecting exposure. **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Radiofrequency+exposure+of+people+living+near+mobile-phone+base+stations+in+France REF-0139. Radiofrequency Radiation (900 MHz)-Induced DNA Damage and Cell Cycle Arrest in Testicular Germ Cells in Swiss Albino Mice. Pandey, N., et al. Toxicology and Industrial Health 33(4) 373-384. (2017). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2017 **Exposure:** 900 MHz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Radiofrequency+Radiation+%28900+MHz%29-Induced+DNA+Damage+and+Cell+Cycle+Arrest+in+Testicular+Germ+Cells+in+Swiss+Albino+Mice REF-0140. Radiofrequency Radiation and Calcium Signaling in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Somozy, P. (1993). Microscopy. **FCC Topic:** RF exposure / cellular signaling / laboratory mechanisms. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 1993. **Exposure:** The supplied summary reports 5,000,000 µW/m² and changes in intercellular calcium in intestinal epithelial cells. **Finding:** Cited in discussions of possible RF-related changes in cellular calcium signaling. **Link:** https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy/vol7/iss4/15/ REF-0141. Radiofrequency Radiation-Induced Calcium Ion Efflux Enhancement from Human and Other Neuroblastoma Cells in Culture. Dutta, S. K., Ghosh, B., & Blackman, C. F. (1989). Bioelectromagnetics, 10(2), 197–202. **FCC Topic:** RF exposure / cellular calcium signaling / biological mechanisms. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q16. **Dated:** 1989. **Exposure:** Cultured neuroblastoma cells exposed to 147 MHz amplitude-modulated RF at specified specific absorption rates (SARs) from 0.0005 to 0.1 W/kg. The paper reports effects at particular SAR values; the supplied 125,000 µW/m². **Finding:** Reported enhanced calcium-ion efflux under some exposure and modulation conditions. **Link:** https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bem.2250100208 REF-0142. RAPD Profiling, DNA Fragmentation, and Histomorphometric Examination in Brains of Wistar Rats Exposed to Indoor 2.5 Ghz Wi-Fi Devices Radiation. Ibitayo, A.O., et al. BioMed Research International 2017(8653286):1-6. (2017). **FCC Topic:** Scientific evidence relevant to reassessment (Other health effects) **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q7, Q8, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2017 **Exposure:** 2.5 Ghz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=RAPD+Profiling%2C+DNA+Fragmentation%2C+and+Histomorphometric+Examination+in+Brains+of+Wistar+Rats+Exposed+to+Indoor+2 REF-0143. Recommendation ITU-T K.91 — Guidance for Assessment, Evaluation and Monitoring of Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T). (2024). Recommendation ITU-T K.91 (01/2024). **FCC Topic:** RF exposure assessment / fixed wireless infrastructure / monitoring and compliance. **HHS Questions:** Q15, Q16; also relevant to Q12 and Q13 where exposure assessment and monitoring are discussed. **Dated:** 2024. **Exposure:** Human exposure to RF electromagnetic fields from telecommunications installations and multiple RF sources in real-world environments. **Finding:** Provides technical guidance for assessing, evaluating, and monitoring human RF exposure, including around telecommunications installations such as base stations. Its coverage of environments with multiple RF sources supports the technical feasibility of structured, comparable exposure assessments. Limitation: This is a technical recommendation and assessment framework; it does not, by itself, establish a legal requirement for continuous monitoring, automatic alerts, mandatory incident reporting, or public notification. **Link:** https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-K.91/en REF-0144. Report of Final Results Regarding Brain and Heart Tumors in Sprague-Dawley Rats Exposed From Prenatal Life Unitl Natural Death to Mobile Phone Radiofrequency Field Representative of a 1.8 GHz GSM Base Station Environmental Emission. Falcioni, L, et al. Environmental Research 165:496-503. (2018). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure (Cancer/Other health effects) **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q6, Q7, Q8, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2018 **Exposure:** 1.8 GHz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Report+of+Final+Results+Regarding+Brain+and+Heart+Tumors+in+Sprague-Dawley+Rats+Exposed+From+Prenatal+Life+Unitl+Natural+Death+to+Mobile+Phone+Radiofrequency+Field+Representative+of+a+1 REF-0145. Reproductive and Developmental Effects of EMF in Vertebrate Animal Models. Pourlis, A.F. Pathophysiology 16(2-3):179-89. (2009). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2009 **Exposure:** EMF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Reproductive+and+Developmental+Effects+of+EMF+in+Vertebrate+Animal+Models REF-0146. Residential Exposure to Radiofrequency Fields from Mobile Phone Base Stations and Broadcast Transmitters: A Population-Based Survey with Personal Meter. Neubauer, G., et al. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 66(8):550–556. (2009). **FCC Topic:** Exposure assessment / base-station exposure. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2009. **Exposure:** RF fields from mobile-phone base stations and broadcast transmitters; 24-hour personal measurements in 200 people. **Finding:** Measured personal exposure did not simply decline with distance from transmitting infrastructure; for some frequency bands, exposure was highest at locations hundreds of meters from the transmitter. **Link:** https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2008.044180 REF-0147. Resolution of Notice of Inquiry, Reassessment of FCC Radiofrequency Exposure Limits and Policies. Federal Communications Commission (FCC). (2019). FCC 19-126. **FCC Topic:** RF exposure limits and policies / compliance framework / regulatory oversight. **HHS Questions:** Q15, Q16; also relevant to Q12 and Q13. **Dated:** 2019. **Exposure:** RF emissions from FCC-regulated radiofrequency devices and facilities, in the context of the FCC's RF exposure rules and evaluation policies. **Finding:** Documents the FCC's regulatory review and decisions concerning its RF exposure framework, providing background for understanding the existing compliance and evaluation approach. It can be cited as regulatory context when proposing supplemental operational monitoring and incident escalation. **Link:** https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-19-126A1_Rcd.pdf REF-0148. Review of Published Literature between 2008 and 2018 of Relevance to Radiofrequency Radiation and Cancer.U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Devices and Radiological Health. (2020; analysis subsequently updated through August 2019). **FCC Topic:** RF exposure and cancer / epidemiological evidence / animal studies / limitations in exposure assessment. **HHS Questions:** Q10, Q12, Q13, Q16; also relevant to questions addressing RF health research and evidence evaluation. **Dated:** February 2020. **Exposure:** Review of peer-reviewed animal (in vivo) studies published January 2008–August 2018 and epidemiological studies published January 2008–May 2018, with relevant updates through August 2019, focusing on possible relationships between RF radiation exposure and tumor formation. **Finding:** The FDA concluded that the studies reviewed did not provide sufficient evidence to support a causal association between RF radiation exposure and tumor formation. Limitation: The report identifies important challenges in animal-study design and dosimetry, as well as limitations in human exposure assessment, including reliance on self-reported cellphone use as a proxy for RF exposure, recall bias, and difficulty estimating cumulative exposure from multiple sources. Its review period does not include the full body of research published since 2019, and its primary focus is cancer rather than the full range of potential health outcomes. **Link:** https://www.fda.gov/media/135043/download REF-0149. Samira Khayat, Hamed Fanaei, Narges Lakzaee, Effects of prenatal mobile phone radiation exposure on MMP9 expression: Implications for inflammation, oxidative stress, and sensory-motor impairment after neonatal hypoxia- ischemia in rats, Toxicology Reports, Volume 11, Pages 378-384 (2023) **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2023 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Samira+Khayat%2C+Hamed+Fanaei%2C+Narges+Lakzaee%2C+Effects+of+prenatal+mobile+phone+radiation+exposure+on+MMP9+expression%3A+Implications+for+inflammation%2C+oxidative+stress%2C+and+sensory-motor+impairment+after+neonatal+hypoxia-+ischemia+in+rats%2C+Toxicology+Reports%2C+Volume+11%2C+Pages+378-384+%282023%29 REF-0150. SAR Investigations on the Exposure Compliance of Wearable Wireless Devices Using Infrared Thermography.Karthik, V. & Rao, T.R. Bioelectromagnetics 39(7):536–545. (2018). **FCC Topic:** Wearable wireless devices / exposure compliance. **HHS Questions:** Q9, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2018. **Exposure:** RF emissions from wearable wireless devices operating close to the body. **Finding:** Evaluated SAR and exposure compliance of wearable wireless devices and is directly relevant to assessment of devices worn in close proximity to the body. **Link:** https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.22133 REF-0151. Single strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells exposed to microwave radiation. Paulraj, R., et al. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 596(1-2):76-80. (2006). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Neurological/cognitive) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2006 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Single+strand+DNA+breaks+in+rat+brain+cells+exposed+to+microwave+radiation REF-0152. Single- and Double-Strand DNA Breaks in Rat Brain Cells After Acute Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation. Lai, H., et al. International Journal of Radiation Biology 69(4):513-521. (2009). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Neurological/cognitive) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2009 **Exposure:** RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Single-+and+Double-Strand+DNA+Breaks+in+Rat+Brain+Cells+After+Acute+Exposure+to+Radiofrequency+Electromagnetic+Radiation REF-0153. Spatial and Temporal Assessment of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Emitted by Smart Meters and Smart Meter Banks in Urban Environments. (2020). **FCC Topic:** Wireless infrastructure / smart-meter exposure characterization. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2020. **Exposure:** RF emissions from individual smart meters and groups of smart meters. **Finding:** Measured spatial field levels and transmission duty cycles at multiple urban locations and demonstrated that a bank of meters can produce a different exposure pattern from an individual meter. **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Spatial+and+Temporal+Assessment+of+Radiofrequency+Electromagnetic+Fields+Emitted+by+Smart+Meters+and+Smart+Meter+Banks REF-0154. Sperm DNA Damage – The Effect of Stress and Everyday Life Factors. Radwan, M., et al. International Journal of Impotence Research 28(4):148-154. (2016). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2016 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sperm+DNA+Damage+%E2%80%93+The+Effect+of+Stress+and+Everyday+Life+Factors REF-0155. Symptoms, neurological outcomes, and population studies REF-0156. Testing of behavioral and cognitive development in rats after prenatal exposure to 1800 and 2400 MHz radiofrequency fields. Li, Z.Q., et al. Journal of Radiation Research 61(2):197-206. (2020). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure; Testing/exposure characterization (Neurological/cognitive) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2020 **Exposure:** 2400 MHz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Testing+of+behavioral+and+cognitive+development+in+rats+after+prenatal+exposure+to+1800+and+2400+MHz+radiofrequency+fields REF-0157. The Effect of 2.45 GHz Non-Ionizing Radiation on the Structure and Ultrastructure of The Testis in Juvenile Rats. Simaiova, V., et al. Histology and Histopathology 34(4):18049. (2018). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2018 **Exposure:** 2.45 GHz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=The+Effect+of+2 REF-0158. The Effect of Exposure of Rats During Prenatal Period to Radiation Spreading from Mobile Phones on Renal Development. Bedir, R., et al. Renal Failure 37(2):305-9. (2015). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2015 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=The+Effect+of+Exposure+of+Rats+During+Prenatal+Period+to+Radiation+Spreading+from+Mobile+Phones+on+Renal+Development REF-0159. The Effect of Wi-Fi Electromagnetic Waves in Unimodal and Multimodal Object Recognition Tasks in Male Rats. Hassanshahi, A., et al. Neurological Sciences 38(6):1069-1076. (2017). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Neurological/cognitive) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2017 **Exposure:** Wi-Fi; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=The+Effect+of+Wi-Fi+Electromagnetic+Waves+in+Unimodal+and+Multimodal+Object+Recognition+Tasks+in+Male+Rats REF-0160. The Effects of 900 Megahertz Electromagnetic Field Applied in the Prenatal Period on Spinal Cord Morphology and Motor Behavior in Female Rat Pups. Odaci, E., et al. NeuroQuantology 11(4):573-581. (2013). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2013 **Exposure:** EMF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=The+Effects+of+900+Megahertz+Electromagnetic+Field+Applied+in+the+Prenatal+Period+on+Spinal+Cord+Morphology+and+Motor+Behavior+in+Female+Rat+Pups REF-0161. The effects of long-term exposure to a 2450 MHz electromagnetic field on growth and pubertal development in female Wistar rats. Sangun, O., et al. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 34(1):63-71. (2013). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Reproductive) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2013 **Exposure:** 2450 MHz **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=The+effects+of+long-term+exposure+to+a+2450+MHz+electromagnetic+field+on+growth+and+pubertal+development+in+female+Wistar+rats REF-0162. The Effects of Prenatal Exposure to a 900 Megahertz Electromagnetic Field on Hippocampus Morphology and Learning Behavior in Rat Pups. İkinci, A., et al. NeuroQuantology 11(4):582-590. (2013) **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2013 **Exposure:** EMF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=The+Effects+of+Prenatal+Exposure+to+a+900+Megahertz+Electromagnetic+Field+on+Hippocampus+Morphology+and+Learning+Behavior+in+Rat+Pups REF-0163. The Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Sperm Function. Houston, BJ., et al. Reproduction 152(6):R263-R276. (2016). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2018 **Exposure:** RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=The+Effects+of+Radiofrequency+Radiation+on+Mice+Fetus+Weight%2C+Length+and+Tissues REF-0164. The Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation on Mice Fetus Weight, Length and Tissues. Alimohammadi, I., et al. Data in Brief 19:2189-2194. (2018). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2018 **Exposure:** RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=The+Effects+of+Radiofrequency+Radiation+on+Mice+Fetus+Weight%2C+Length+and+Tissues REF-0165. The Sensitivity of Children to Electromagnetic Fields. Kheifets, L., et al. Deventer Journal of Pediatrics 116(2):303-313. (2005). **FCC Topic:** Children/developmental exposure (Other health effects) **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q7, Q8, Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2005 **Exposure:** EMF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=The+Sensitivity+of+Children+to+Electromagnetic+Fields REF-0166. Thermal and non-thermal health effects of low intensity non-ionizing radiation: An international perspective. Belpomme, D., et al. Environmental Pollution 242(Part A):643-658. (2018). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Cancer, Neurological/cognitive, Reproductive) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2018 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Thermal+and+non-thermal+health+effects+of+low+intensity+non-ionizing+radiation%3A+An+international+perspective REF-0167. Tomruk, A., Ozgur-Buyukatalay, E., Ozturk, G. G., & Ulusu, N. N. Short-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation and metabolic enzymes’ activities during pregnancy and prenatal development. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 41(4), 370–378. (2022) **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2022 **Exposure:** RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Tomruk%2C+A REF-0168. Ultra High Frequency-Electromagnetic Field Irradiation During Pregnancy Leads to an Increase in Erythrocytes Micronuclei Incidence in Rat Offspring. Ferreira, A., et al. Life Sciences 80(1):43-50. (2006). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2006 **Exposure:** EMF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ultra+High+Frequency-Electromagnetic+Field+Irradiation+During+Pregnancy+Leads+to+an+Increase+in+Erythrocytes+Micronuclei+Incidence+in+Rat+Offspring REF-0169. Use of Laptop Computers Connected to Internet Through Wi-Fi Decreases Human Sperm Motility and Increases Sperm DNA Fragmentation. Avendano, C., et al. Fertility and Sterility 97(1):39-45. (2012). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Male fertility, Reproductive) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2012 **Exposure:** Wi-Fi; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22112647/ REF-0170. Use of Mobile Phone During Pregnancy and the Risk of Spontaneous Abortion. Mahmoudabadi, F., et al. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 13:34. (2015). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2015 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Use+of+Mobile+Phone+During+Pregnancy+and+the+Risk+of+Spontaneous+Abortion REF-0171. Validity of At Home Model Predictions as a Proxy for Personal Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields from Mobile Phone Base Stations. Beekhuizen, J., et al. Environment International. (2015). **FCC Topic:** Exposure assessment / epidemiological exposure modeling. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q15, Q16 **Dated:** 2015. **Exposure:** RF fields from mobile-phone base stations. **Finding:** Evaluates whether modeled residential exposure can serve as a proxy for personal exposure and demonstrates the importance of distinguishing modeled residential exposure from actual personal measurements. **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Validity+of+at+home+model+predictions+as+a+proxy+for+personal+exposure REF-0172. What Evidence Exists on the Impact of Anthropogenic Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields on Animals and Plants in the Environment: A Systematic Map. Curry, R., et al. Environmental Evidence. (2024). **FCC Topic:** Environmental effects of RF exposure. **HHS Questions:** Q17, Q18 **Dated:** 2024. **Exposure:** Anthropogenic RF-EMF in environmental settings. **Finding:** Systematic map of 334 studies, including 237 studies involving fauna and 97 involving flora; most were laboratory studies and many used exposures below ICNIRP guidelines. The review identified substantial evidence gaps, particularly for field and ecosystem-level research. **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=What+evidence+exists+on+the+impact+of+anthropogenic+radiofrequency+electromagnetic+fields+on+animals+and+plants+in+the+environment REF-0173. WHO International EMF Project. World Health Organization (WHO). (n.d.). The International EMF Project. **FCC Topic:** Coordinated scientific assessment / research gaps / international standards / public information. **HHS Questions:** Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16; relevance depends on the specific question's focus on research coordination, exposure assessment, or public communication. **Dated:** Undated webpage; access; October 10, 2026. **Exposure:** Electromagnetic fields across relevant frequency ranges, including RF fields from wireless technologies. **Finding:** The project coordinates international scientific work on EMF, supports assessment of scientific evidence, identifies research needs, and provides information relevant to public authorities and communities. It supports the broader rationale for coordinated exposure data collection and research that can inform public-health assessment and policy. **Link:** https://www.who.int/initiatives/the-international-emf-project REF-0174. Why children absorb more microwave radiation than adults: The consequences. Morgan, L.L, et al. Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure 2(4):197-204. (2014). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Children/developmental exposure (Cancer. Other health effects, Neurological/cognitive, Reproductive) **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q6, Q7, Q7, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2014 **Exposure:** Not stated in resource **Link:** https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmau.2014.06.005 REF-0175. Wi-Fi Electromagnetic Fields Expert Gender Related Alterations of EEG. Maganioti, A., et al. (2010). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects (Neurological/cognitive) **HHS Questions:** Q6, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2010 **Exposure:** Wi-Fi; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wi-Fi+Electromagnetic+Fields+Expert+Gender+Related+Alterations+of+EEG REF-0176. Wi-Fi Is an Important Threat to Human Health. Pall, M. Environmental Research 164:405-416. (2018). **FCC Topic:** Scientific evidence relevant to reassessment (Other health effects); Long-term/biological effects (Cancer, Neurological/cognitive, Reproductive ) **HHS Questions:** Q5, Q6, Q7, Q8, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2018 **Exposure:** Wi-Fi; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wi-Fi+Is+an+Important+Threat+to+Human+Health REF-0177. Yousefi, B., Jadidi, M., Nabizadeh, Z. et al. Impairment of Oogenesis and Folliculogenesis in Neonatal Rats after Maternal Exposure to Mobile Phones. Reprod. Sci. 32, 2259–2269 (2025). **FCC Topic:** Long-term/biological effects; Testing/exposure characterization (Prenatal/fetal) **HHS Questions:** Q11, Q12, Q13, Q16 **Dated:** 2025 **Exposure:** Mobile/cellular RF; frequency not stated in resource **Link:** https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yousefi%2C+B